Selected studies on the effects of the KiVa antibullying program:
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T., Poskiparta, E., Kaljonen, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). A large-scale evaluation of the KiVa antibullying program. Child Development, 82, 311-330.
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2011) Counteracting bullying in Finland: The KiVa program and its effects on different forms of being bullied. A special section edited by C. Spiel, P. Smith, and C. Salmivalli and offered for publication in International Journal for Behavioral Development, 35, 405-411.
Salmivalli, C., Garandeau, C., & Veenstra, R. (2012). KiVa antibullying program: Implications for school adjustment. In G. Ladd & A. Ryan (Eds.), Peer Relationships and Adjustment at School (pp. 279-307). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Williford, A., Noland, B., Little, T., Kärnä, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Effects of the KiVa Antibullying Program on adolescents’ perception of peers, depression, and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 289-300.
Garandeau, C. F., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Tackling acute cases of school bullying in the KiVa anti-bullying program: A comparison of two approaches. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 981-991.
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T., Alanen, E., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Going to scale: A nonrandomized nationwide tril of the KiVa antibullying program for comprehensive schools. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 796-805.
Williford, A., Elledge, L., Boulton, A., DePaolis, K., Little, T., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Effects of the KiVa Antibullying Program on Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization Frequency among Finnish Youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psycholog, 42, 820-833.
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T., Alanen, E., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program: Grades 1-3 and 7-9. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 535-551.
Saarento, S., Boulton, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Reducing Bullying and Victimization: Student- and Classroom-Level Mechanisms of Change. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, early online.
Ahtola, A., Haataja, A., Kärnä, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). For children only? Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28, 851-859.
Haataja, A., Boulton, A., Voeten, M., & Salmivalli, C. (in press). KiVa antibullying curriculum in primary schools: Implementation and outcome. Journal of School Psychology.
Other studies on KiVa
Doctoral dissertations
Ahtola: A. (2012) Proactive and preventive student welfare activities in Finnish preschool and elementary school : handling of transition to formal schooling and a national anti-bullying program as examples. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5157-4
Garandeau, C. (2014) School bullies’ quest for power : implications for group dynamics and intervention. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5727-9
Haataja, A. (2016) Implementing the KiVa antibullying problem : what does it take? Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-6553-3
Kärnä, A. (2012) Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5025-6
Pöyhönen, V. (2013) Defending behavior in bullying situations. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5157-4
Roos, S. (2014) Guilt, shame, emotion regulation, and social cognition: understanding their associations with preadolescents’ social behavior. Turku: University of Turku http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5891-7
Saarento, S. (2015) Conceptualizing and counteracting the bullying dynamic : classroom and school contexts matter. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-6150-4
Sainio, M. (2013) Same- and other-sex victimization : risk factors, consequences, and protection by peers. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5502-2
Yang, A. (2015) Bully-victims : prevalence, psychosocial adjustment, and responsiveness to intervention. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-6241-9
Empirical studies on the effectiveness and implementation of the KiVa program in Finland
Ahtola, A., Haataja, A., Kärnä, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). For children only? Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(6), 851–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.03.006
Ahtola, A., Haataja, A., Kärnä, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Implementation of anti-bullying lessons in primary classrooms: how important is head teacher support? Educational Research, 55(4), 376–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2013.844941
Garandeau, C. F., Lee, I. A., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Differential effects of the KiVa anti-bullying program on popular and unpopular bullies. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2013.10.004
Garandeau, C. F., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Tackling acute cases of school bullying in the KiVa anti-bullying program: A comparison of two approaches. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(6), 981–991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9861-1
Garandeau, C. F., Vartio, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2016). School bullies’ intention to change behavior following teacher interventions: Effects of empathy arousal, condemning of bullying, and blaming of the perpetrator. Prevention Science, 17(8), 1034–1043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0712-x
Haataja, A., Voeten, M., Boulton, A. J., Ahtola, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). The KiVa antibullying curriculum and outcome: Does fidelity matter? Journal of School Psychology, 52(5), 479–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2014.07.001
Haataja, A., Ahtola, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). A process view on implementing an antibullying curriculum: How teachers differ and what explains the variation. School Psychology Quarterly, 30(4), 564–576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spq0000121
Juvonen, J., Schacter, H. L., Sainio, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2016). Can a school-wide bullying prevention program improve the plight of victims? Evidence for risk × intervention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(4), 334–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000078
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T. D., Alanen, E., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program: Grades 1–3 and 7–9. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(2), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030417
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T. D., Poskiparta, E., Alanen, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Going to scale: A nonrandomized nationwide trial of the KiVa antibullying program for grades 1–9. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(6), 796–805. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029174
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T. D., Poskiparta, E., Kaljonen, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). A Large-Scale Evaluation of the KiVa Antibullying Program: Grades 4-6. Child Development, 82(1), 311–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01557.x
Poskiparta, E., Kaukiainen, A., Pöyhönen, V., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Anti-bullying computer game as part of the KiVa-program: Children’s perceptions of the game. In A. Costabile & B. Spears (Eds.), The impact of technology on relationships in educational settings: International perspectives (pp. 158–168). New York, NY: Routledge.
Salmivalli, C., Garandeau, C. F., & Veenstra, R. (2012). KiVa anti-bullying program: Implications for school adjustment. In A. M. Ryan & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Peer relationships and adjustment at School. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Pub.
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Counteracting bullying in Finland: The KiVa program and its effects on different forms of being bullied. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(5), 405–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411407457
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2010b). From peer putdowns to peer support: A theoretical model and how it translated into a national anti-bullying program. In S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 441–454). New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Huitsing, G., Sainio, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). The role of teachers in bullying: The relation between antibullying attitudes, efficacy, and efforts to reduce bullying. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(4), 1135–1143. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036110
Williford, A., Boulton, A., Noland, B., Little, T. D., Kärnä, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Effects of the KiVa Anti-bullying Program on Adolescents’ Depression, Anxiety, and Perception of Peers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(2), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9551-1
Williford, A., Elledge, L. C., Boulton, A. J., DePaolis, K. J., Little, T. D., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Effects of the KiVa Antibullying Program on Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization Frequency Among Finnish Youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(6), 820–833. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.787623
Other empirical studies on the Finnish KiVa school data (divided into themes)
Cyberbullying
Christian Elledge, L., Williford, A., Boulton, A., DePaolis, K., Little, T., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Individual and Contextual Predictors of Cyberbullying: The Influence of Children’s Provictim Attitudes and Teachers’ Ability to Intervene. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 42(5), 698–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9920-x
Salmivalli, C., Sainio, M., & Hodges, E. V. E. (2013). Electronic victimization: Correlates, antecedents, and consequences among elementary and middle school students. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(4), 442–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.759228
Class and school level factors, social networks and bullying
Garandeau, C., Lee, I., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Inequality Matters: Classroom Status Hierarchy and Adolescents’ Bullying. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 43(7), 1123–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0040-4
Huitsing, G., van Duijn, M. A. J., Snijders, T. A. B., Wang, P., Sainio, M., Salmivalli, C., & Veenstra, R. (2012). Univariate and multivariate models of positive and negative networks: Liking, disliking, and bully–victim relationships. Social Networks, 34(4), 645–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2012.08.001
Huitsing, G., Veenstra, R., Sainio, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). “It must be me” or “It could be them?”: The impact of the social network position of bullies and victims on victims’ adjustment. Social Networks, 34(4), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2010.07.002
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2010). Vulnerable Children in Varying Classroom Contexts: Bystanders’ Behaviors Moderate the Effects of Risk Factors on Victimization. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56(3), 261–282. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.0052
Peets, K., Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). Classroom norms of bullying alter the degree to which children defend in response to their affective empathy and power. Developmental Psychology, 51(7), 913–920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039287
Saarento, S., Boulton, A. J., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). Reducing bullying and victimization: Student- and classroom-level mechanisms of change. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9841-x
Saarento, S., Kärnä, A., Hodges, E. V. E., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Student-, classroom-, and school-level risk factors for victimization. Journal of School Psychology, 51(3), 421–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2013.02.002
Salmivalli, C., Voeten, M., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Bystanders Matter: Associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in Ccassrooms. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.597090
Sentse, M., Kiuru, N., Veenstra, R., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). A Social Network Approach to the Interplay Between Adolescents’ Bullying and Likeability over Time. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 43(9), 1409–1420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0129-4
Sentse, M., Kretschmer, T., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). The longitudinal interplay between bullying, victimization, and social status: Age-related and gender differences. Social Development, 24(3), 659–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12115
Sentse, M., Veenstra, R., Kiuru, N., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). A longitudinal multilevel study of individual characteristics and classroom norms in explaining bullying behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(5), 943–955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9949-7
Bullies-bullied students
Yang, A., Li, X., & Salmivalli, C. (2016). Maladjustment of bully-victims: validation with three identification methods. Educational Psychology, 36(8), 1390–1407. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2015.1015492
Yang, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Different forms of bullying and victimization: Bully-victims versus bullies and victims. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(6), 723–738. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2013.793596
Defending the bullied student
Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2010). What Does It Take to Stand Up for the Victim of Bullying?: The Interplay Between Personal and Social Factors. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56(2), 143–163.
Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Standing Up for the Victim, Siding with the Bully or Standing by? Bystander Responses in Bullying Situations. Social Development, 21(4), 722–741. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00662.x
Sainio, M., Veenstra, R., Huitsing, G., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Victims and their defenders: A dyadic approach. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(2), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410378068
Gender and bullying
Sainio, M., Veenstra, R., Huitsing, G., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Same- and other-sex victimization: Are the risk factors similar? Aggressive Behavior, 38(6), 442–455. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21445
Sainio, M., Veenstra, R., Little, T. D., Kärnä, A., Rönkkö, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Being bullied by same- versus other-sex peers: Does it matter for adolescent victims? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(4), 454–466. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1080/15374416.2013.769172
Immigrants and bullying
Strohmeier, D., Kärnä, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Intrapersonal and interpersonal risk factors for peer victimization in immigrant youth in Finland. Developmental Psychology, 47(1), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020785
Selected publications on the KiVa antibullying program
Caravita, S. C. S., Pöyhönen, V., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Prosocial involvement in antisocial situations: Defending the victims of bullying. In T. A. Kinney & M. Pörhölä (Eds.), Anti- and pro-social communication: Theories, methods, and applications (pp. 173–182). New York: Peter Lang.
Saarento, S., Garandeau, C. F., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). Classroom- and school-level contributions to bullying and victimization: A review. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 25(3), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2207
Saarento, S., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). The role of classroom peer ecology and bystanders’ responses in bullying. Child Development Perspectives, 9(4), 201–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12140
Sainio, M., Salmivalli, C., & Toda, Y. (2013). キヴァ [ KiVa Program]. In K. Yamasaki, Y. Toda, & Y. Watanabe (Eds.), 世界の学校予防教育 [Prevention education at schools in the world] (pp. 168–181). Tokyo: 金子書房 [ Kanekoshobo].
Salmivalli, C. (2009). Bullying is a group phenomenon − what does It mean and why does It matter? In S. Hymel, S. M. Swearer, & P. Gillette (Eds.), Bullying at School and Online, a special invited issue of education.com. Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/peer-social-group-role-in-bullying/
Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007
Salmivalli, C. (2014a). KiVa – against bullying. Psychologist, 27(4), 52–53. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-4/interview-kiva-against-bullying
Salmivalli, C. (2014b). Participant Roles in Bullying: How Can Peer Bystanders Be Utilized in Interventions? Theory Into Practice, 53(4), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2014.947222
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2010). KiVa – A Finnish innovation to tackle bullying in schools. In K. Österman (Ed.), Direct and Indirect Aggression (pp. 171–183). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2010). Development, evaluation, and diffusion of KiVa, a national anti-bullying program. In B. Doll, Handbook of youth prevention science. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Salmivalli, C., & Peets, K. (2009). Bullies, victims, and bully-victim relationships in middle childhood and early adolescence. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 322–340). New York, NY: Guilford.
Salmivalli, C., & Peets, K. (2010). Violencia entre iguales: un fenómeno grupal [Peer-to-peer bullying at school: considering the contexts in which it occurs]. In R. Ortega (Ed.), Agresividad injustificada y violencia escolar [Injustified Aggressiveness and School Violence]. Alianza publications.
Salmivalli, C., Peets, K., & Hodges, E. V. E. (2010). Bullying. In P. K. Smith & C. H. Hart (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development (pp. 510–528). Wiley-Blackwell.
Salmivalli, C., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). KiVa Anti-Mobbing Programm. In Huber, A.A. (Hrsg.). Anti-Mobbing-Strategien für die Schule. Praxisratgeber zur erfolgreichen und nachhaltigen Intervention. [Anti-Mobbing-Strategies for school. Practice guidebook for successful and lasting interventions]. Neuwied: Carl Link.Wolters.KluwerVerlag.
Salmivalli, C., & Poskiparta, E. (2012). KiVa antibullying program: Overview of evaluation studies based on a randomized controlled trial and national rollout in Finland. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(2), 294 – 302.
Salmivalli, C., Poskiparta, E., Ahtola, A., & Haataja, A. (2013). The implementation and effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program in Finland. European Psychologist, 18(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000140
Salmivalli, C., & Pöyhönen, V. (2012). Cyberbullying in Finland. In Q. L. MSc, D. Cross, & P. K. S. BSc (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the Global Playground (pp. 57–72). Wiley-Blackwell.
Smith, P., Salmivalli, C., & Cowie, H. (2012). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: a commentary. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 8(4), 433–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-012-9142-3
Spiel, C., Salmivalli, C., & Smith, P. K. (2011). Translational research: National strategies for violence prevention in school. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(5), 381–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411407556